Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility Essay

In this article Christine Coupland talks about online types of the reports and socially obligation archives of five financial gatherings: Loyds/TSB, HSBC, The Royal Bank of Scotland, the Co-employable Bank and Barclays. Social and ecological revealing is a wide concern, and, along these lines, division of CSE issues will demonstrate the assignment of specific status. The investigation additionally centers around the language as the site of activity. The focal contention is that associations are socially developed and rising. The creator utilizes talk/literary scientific methodology. Besides, the creator draws on media investigation methods, and examination of contention and way of talking. Corporate social announcing is to oversimplified. This case is bolstered by authentic insights planned for uncovering the key advantages of social and corporate duty. The author’s reason for the paper is to challenge open perspectives on advantages of social and ecological duty regarding associations and online revealing. The exploration centers around assessment of how association is introduced and on five financial gatherings and the creator contends that CSR contemplations are turning out to be increasingly more significant in business world as they serve to peripheralize the data. The article is helpful to my examination theme as Coupland recommends that association is the main voice of separated from legitimizing bodies. The fundamental constraint of the article is that little consideration is paid to social and natural announcing †I figure the writer ought to give more data on the issue. Along these lines, the creator demonstrates that social and natural duty ought to be given more consideration. The article won't structure the premise of my examination; in any case, it will be helpful advantageous data.

Political Cartoon Essay -- American History, Working Class

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

3 - Assignment Example efficient consistency with the English Language style and introduction rules f) no unacknowledged utilization of crafted by others or sources (1) In readiness to this coursework, One of the things I did was to peruse a great deal of books and articles in order to improve my language and etymological abilities. Something else that I did in planning to this courswork was to tune in to a few motion pictures and tunes with various accents and tongues in order to improve my comprehension of phonetics and phonology. (2) I. Into The Flames’. Part 1 of: Sheehy, Gail. 1999. Hillary’s Choice. Arbitrary House, New York. (an) I pick the part where Bill Clinton went gaga for a separated from lady in Arkansas in the late 1980’s prompting Hillary mulling over separating from him. In this part, the phonetic plan offers ascend with the impact of depicting Hillary as a resilient lady. The linguistic structure in this piece of the book is that the words and the sentences are master minded to as a matter of first importance show that Hillary was not to fault for her significant other experiencing passionate feelings for the other lady and henceforth makes it a miserable difficulty for her and afterward brings the component of dynamic and diligence and subsequently depicting her as an extremely tough lady who can deal with troublesome circumstances and come out successful. (b) This composing is a reference index. It discusses the life of Hillary Clinton. One etymological component of the content which is related with this sort of composing is writing by and large as it is a record of past occasions. (c) One induction I have produced using perusing the content is that ladies are extremely forceful inwardly. (d) The proof in the content which bolster my induction is the way that Hillary, a lady, had the option to stand the passionate worry of her significant other beginning to look all starry eyed at another lady who was the Arkansas divorced person and furthermor e supposedly going behind her back with Monica a state house understudy. (e) Aspects of the language utilized in this content have driven me to cause this deduction as they to have depicted Hillary as having been exposed to a ton of passionate torment as a lady. She assumed her job as a spouse impeccably yet by one way or another all went poorly for her. The language utilized in this content causes one to feel pity and empathy for Hillary. The way that she comes over all the difficulties that confronted her to be sure depicts her as solid and as a normal lady, subsequently prompting my derivation that ladies are solid. (f) In request to make it more averse to make this surmising, a significant section in the content would be one which depicts Hillary as an extraordinary lady who is very not quite the same as all other lady and therefore clarifying that every one of her activities and choices are remarkable to her alone and no other lady on earth. (3) (ii) WRITING AND ANALYSIS: a) Pr oduce a bit of composing of up to 1000 words which speaks to ONE of the accompanying: a paper article remarking on an ongoing report (you can choose what the story is and pick a genuine or concocted one) Should the UK have welcomed President Kenyatta? The UK government plaid host to the recently chose President of the republic of

Include a MySQL Column Using the Add Column Command The order add columnâ is used to add an extra section to some random MySQL table. To do this, you should determine the segment nameâ and type. Note: The add columnâ command is in some cases alluded to asâ additional columnâ orâ new section. The most effective method to Add a MySQL Column Adding a segment to a current table is finished with this sentence structure: change table include section [new segment name] [type]; Heres a model: change table frozen yogurt include section season varchar (20) ; What this model would wind up doing is adding the section flavor to the table frozen yogurt, similarly as it says above. It would be in the database varcharâ (20) design. Know, in any case, that the segment statement isn't required. Thus, you could rather utilize include [new section name]..., like this: modify table frozen yogurt include season varchar (20) ; Including a Column After an Existing Column Something you may want to do is include a segment after a predefined existing section. In this way, if youd like to include the columnâ flavorâ after one calledâ size, you could accomplish something like this: modify table frozen yogurt addâ column enhance varchar (20) after size; Changing a Column Name on a MySQL Table You can change a sections name with theâ alter tableâ andâ changeâ commands. Peruse increasingly about that in the How to Change a Column Name in MySQL instructional exercise.

Critiqing two of my peers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critiqing two of my companions - Essay Example ments in light of the proof introduced, for example, the measurements on mishaps concerning underage drinking, and the way that children’s minds are creating and they ought not be hindered with liquor. Its most vulnerable contention is the one contending for liquor related disease the facts demonstrate that drinking at a youthful age can prompt cirrhosis, however it isn't something specific to the age bunch being investigated in this paper. All liquor consumers can build up these sicknesses, so saying this isn't something that is straightforwardly applicable to the cases. The exposition doesn't specify a counterargument. A counterargument that I would recommend is: â€Å"Opponents of setting the drinking age limit at 21 will pressure that the age 18 is as of now a develop age for teenagers, so they ought to be given the opportunity to drink what they want.† A reaction to this is giving proof that individuals at 18 years old, who drive drunk, meet a greater number of mishaps than individuals at 21, who drive drunk. Does the creator utilize signal expressions to present statements? (Signal expressions are talked about in more detail in segment 10g of The New Century Handbook. ) If along these lines, give a model. If not, recommend the right method to do this. Indeed, the creator utilizes signal expressions to present measurements, for instance: â€Å"According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in excess of 189,000 kids younger than 21 are admitted to the crisis room every year in view of alcohol.† He didn't utilize direct citations however. In the event that he did, he can think of one sentence along these lines: â€Å"Direnfeld (2012) portrays a couple of various maladies that are identified with liquor, for example, cirrhosis of the liver.† The citations followed appropriate in-content references, despite the fact that the page or section number is absent. For example, this has no passage number: : â€Å"According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in excess of 189,000 youngsters younger than 21 are admitted to the crisis room every year in view of alcohol.† The section number is 1,

Tips For Writing a Term Paper Review

Tips For Writing a Term Paper ReviewIf you want to improve your work and give yourself the best term paper review possible, you need to put some time into learning how to write a good paper. Although there are many great resources available, many of them can seem confusing and intimidating.If you have been trying to improve your work and give yourself the best term paper review possible, here are some tips to help you get started. They may help you decide which information and other resources are best for you.First, you need to realize that not all of your information is important. This is important, because a good paper contains information that is important but does not have as much information as information that is important but less important. In order to make sure that your paper is full of important information, you need to make sure that it is full of valuable information. A paper with information that is less important can be less valuable.The same goes for any research you do in the paper. You need to make sure that the information in the paper is useful but is not very important. If your research is very important, make sure that you write about the research in your paper. Writing about research is one of the easiest ways to make your research 'sticky' in the eyes of your readers.Another thing you need to do is to write in an effective way. This means that you should be using the right word choice, grammar, and spelling. It also means that you should make sure that your paper is readable and easy to read. Any information that you provide should be organized in a way that makes sense and that makes the information easier to remember.Finally, be sure that your paper is eye-catching. Your readers will only remember information that is eye-catching. You can use photographs, graphs, charts, and diagrams to make your information more interesting. You may even choose to write about specific types of information.Now that you know some tips for writing a term paper review, it's time to put these tips to use. There are many resources available to help you improve your paper, including free courses, books, and online forums. You will need to choose the resources that are right for you and then use them as guides.It is also important to read the articles that people are writing about your paper. This will help you learn what others are saying about your paper and will help you make your paper better.

Corporate Governance Firm Of India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Corporate governance structures play a vital role in enhancing the firm value. This paper examines the effect of two important corporate governance variables board size and promoter ownership on the firm value. The research using linear regression analysis on 176 non-financial listed companies for year 2008 finds a negative association of Tobin Q with board size and a significant positive association with promoter ownership. The research makes an endeavor to search for an ideal board size and gives insights on moderating effect of firm size on corporate board performance. Study also finds that above the critical ownership level of forty percent, promoters interest is much aligned with that of company and there is positive effect on firm value. Corporate governance has developed as an important mechanism over the last two decades. The recent global financial crisis has reinforced the importance of good corporate governance practices and structures. It is now well recognized that corporate governance structures play an important role in enhancing firm performance and sustainability in long term (Bonn, 2004; Erickson et. al., 2005; Ehikioya, 2009; Iwasaki, 2008; Cho and Kim, 2007). There has been tremendous research on corporate governance structure and firm performance particularly in the developed world. On the other side, there is very little research on the influence of corporate governance variables such board structure on firm performance in India (Dwivedi and Jain, 2005). India as an emerging giant is gradually moving from controlled to market based economy with market capitalization of all listed companies touching nearly rupees 1 trillion (Sehgal and Mulraj, 2008). Corporate governance has now become a norm in India with Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) making it mandatory for all the listed to adopt Cause 49 of the Listing Agreement. However, capital markets are still nascent and market for corporate control is weak (Standard and Poors 2009). Indian firms are predominantly of family origin and promoters controlled (Chakrabarti, 2005). Corporate governance structures, therefore, rely much on internal structures rather than external one for enhancing the value. The corporate board and insider ownership (promoters) are in Indian business are two important internal corporate governance structures. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) have suggested that corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of the finance to corporation assure themselves of getting a return on their investment. Shareholders are owners of company who contribute their wealth. Through corporate governance mechanism, they apply control over the management of the company for the wealth maximization. The boards of directors act as representatives of shareholders achieve this endeavor by reducing the agency cost (Fama and Jensen, 1983). In Indian regulatory environment board of directors of a company act as fiduciaries of the shareholders, provide active supervision and do strategic decision-making. The Indian investors, however, have general predisposition to discount the role of board due to stronger ownership concentration and insider control. The board is an important corporate governance mechanism under Indian context to protect the minority shareholders from dominant shareholders. In addition, insider ownership by the promoters of the company is general characteri stic of most firms. India is gradually moving towards market-based economy, however, such is the peculiarity that ownership lies predominately in hands of few people of group of peoples. In order to expand our understanding on emerging and transforming economy of India, the present study attempts to investigate effect of two corporate governance parameters on the firm value. The study is based on the 176 non-financial firms listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) for period 2008-09. The research done is during the period when entire world was eclipsed by global financial crisis and Indian firms were under financial distress to some extent. The study attempts to testify the different theoretical and empirical foundations establishing a relationship of board size and promoter ownership with TobinQ. We also investigate the moderating effect of firm size on corporate board performance and different levels promoter ownership on firm value. The results of this study extend the literature on corporate governance structure and opening up new avenues for further research. We first begin with theoretical background with literature leading to development of our hypothesis THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT Board Size and Firm Performance Boards of directors are the representatives of shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. A corporate board is delegated with the task of monitoring the performance and activities of the top management to ensure that latter acts in the best interest of all the shareholders (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Erickson et al., 2005). In addition, Ruigrok et. al. (2006) suggest that the board has important roles such as design and implementation of strategy, and fostering links between the firm and its external environment. Under statutory provisions delineated in Indian Companies Act, 1956 the board is vested with sufficient powers and responsibilities to act in diligent way, manage and control the management of the company in order to maximize the value of shareholders and stakeholders. The board of the company is considered as one of the primary internal corporate governance mechanism (Brennan, 2006).A properly constituted board with optimum number of directors can effectively monitor the management and drive value maximization. Some researchers, however, been skeptical about boards ability to mitigate the agency problem and enhance firm value (Erickson et. al., 2005). The number of directors on the board (or board size) is therefore, a critical factor that can influences the performance of a company. The board acts on behalf of shareholders and considered as a major decision-making group. The complexity of decision-making and effectiveness is largely affected by the size of the board. There has been mixed response to board size and corporate performance. The direction of influence depends upon the extent to which board is able to reach consensus, and take advantage of the knowledge and expertise of the individual members. There is, however, no agreement over whether a small or a large board is effective in enhancing the performance of a company. Two contrasting views emerge from the extant literature on the contemplating effect of board size on firm v alue. One school thought views larger boards are effective in driving the performance of company. Various researchers (Ehikioya, 2009; Coles et. al., 2008; Dwivedi and Jain, 2005; Klein, 2002; Dalton et. al., 1999; Kathuria and Dash, 1999; Pearce and Zahra, 1992) document a positive relationship of board size with the firm value. There have been several arguments in support of larger boards. One view is that larger boards allow directions to specialize, which in turn can lead to more effectiveness (Klein, 2002). Larger boards have people from diverse field. The knowledge and intellect of this increased pool of experts can be utilized for making some strategic decision of the board, which can drive performance of the company (Dalton et al., 1999; Pearce and Zahra, 1992). The larger pool of people on the board results in greater monitoring capacity, and also enhances the firm ability to form greater external linkages (Goodstein et al., 1994). Coles et. al. (2006) find that firms requi ring more advice derive greater from the larger boards. There are, however, strong contrasting views and evidences to the above argument. Contrary school of thought views larger boards are less effective in enhancing the performance of the company. Many researchers find a negative association between board size and performance of companies (Yermack, 1996; Eisenberg et. al., 1998; Cheng, 2008; Boon et al., 2004; O Connell and Cramer, 2010; Rashid et. al., 2010; Conyon and Peck, 1998; de Andres et. al., 2005). Cheng (2008) suggest that larger boards exist even though they are value reducing because they necessary for some type of companies and under certain conditions. Coles et. al. (2008) point negative association of board size with firm value exists due to some other exogenous factors. Many scholars suggest that as board size increases above the ideal value, many problems surface which outweigh the benefits of having more directors on the board, as mentioned above. Contrasting t o smaller boards, larger number of director on board increases the problem of communication and coordination (Jensen, 1993; Boon et. al., 2004; Cheng, 2008) and higher agency cost (Lipton and Lorsch, 1992; Cheng, 2008; Jensen, 1993). Lipton and Lorsch (1992) suggest that dysfunctional behavioral norms and higher monitoring cost due less diligence in larger boards give rise severe agency problem. Larger boards may also have problem of lower group cohesion (Evans and Dian, 1991) and greater levels of conflict (Goodstein et. al., 1994). Goodstein et. al. (1994) and Jensen (1993) similarly argue that greater problem of coordination leads slow decision making and information transferring which drives inefficiency in companies with larger board size. Larger boards may be skeptical about taking a strategic decision that can maximize the value of company (Boon et. al., 2004; Judge and Zeithamal, 1992).The larger boards, therefore may become more of symbolic and less a part of management pro cess (Hermalin, and Weisbach, 2001). The above discussion clearly lays down a platform to propose that board size may have positive or negative association with firm performance. The vast literature on board size on firm performance predominately foresees that board size is negatively associated with firm performance, which gives support to develop our hypothesis 1. We also argue that increasing the number of directors above certain limits may have more deteriorating effect on firm value. Below certain board size, there is relationship of firm value with board size is less negative and above that, it increases. Therefore, in order to support our argument we propose our second hypothesis that above certain board size (in our case median board size of entire sample) has negative association with firm performance increases. We also propose third hypothesis that boards of larger companies have less negative association with firm performance than those of smaller firms. The argument i s that boards of larger companies may well equipped with resources, skill base and knowledge expertise to take strategic decisions in period of financial distress. The board of smaller companies may lag behind to actively utilize resources and drive performance. Hypothesis 1. Board size exhibits a negative association with firm performance Hypothesis 2. Smaller Boards have less negative association with firm performance than larger boards Hypothesis 3. Boards of larger companies have less negative association with firm performance. Promoter ownership and Firm Performance Promoter in general sense are persons or group of persons who are involved in the incorporation and organization of a corporation. Promoters are important part of companies in Indian business context as most of the companies are of family origin. Promoters are integral part of business element, but not have statutory recognization in the Indian Companies Act, 1956 as the term Promoter does not have any legal connotation. The term, however, finds its place in Securities Exchange Board of Indias (SEBI) Disclosure and Investor Protection, 2000 (DIP Guidelines) and Substantial acquisition of Shares and Takeover Regulations, 1997 (Takeover Code). According to these SEBI regulations, Promoter or Promoter Group exercise sufficient control over the company by virtue of their shareholding and management rights. Evidences show that concentrated ownership is most common form in most countries (La Porta et.al., 1999), and also in India. Family houses and corporate groups, who are generally the promoters, have substantial ownership in companies. The pyramiding and tunneling effect of ownership is prevalent in India (Chakrabarti, 2005). These effects provide promoters enough them control over management of the company. According to Mathew (2007), promoters of BSE 500 were having 49 percent shareholding. In Indian companies, promoters in such a case raise the issue of owner- manager control similar to that of some other Asian countries. Promoters by virtue of their position and control have considerable power and wield significant influence on the board and management of the company over the key strategic decisions. La Porta et. al. (1999) believe high ownership concentration by particular group positions their interest above other shareholders and gives them the predominant voting rights and control over the management. Under these conditions, they may pursue policies, which benefit them and deteriorate firm performance. On other side, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) point t hat presence of dominant large shareholder or group can enhance their controlling ability, reduction in agency cost and therefore the firm performance. La Porta et. al. (1998, 1999) has observed that controlling shareholders (like promoter groups) exist in countries with investors low legal and institutional protection. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), high ownership concentration may lead to more alignment effect. This effect may impart promoters a strong incentive to flow value-maximizing goal. However, in contrasting argument by Demsetz (1983), this can also have entrenchment effect, which can decrease the firms value. Claessens et. al. ( 2002) in similar arguments suggest the same thing, until a particular level of stock concentration alignment effect are more predominant and after that expropriation cost of minority shareholders out these benefits and firm performance declines. It is, however not clear, whether measures of corporate governance affect performance in t he same way when ownership is not in general widely dispersed, in particular when ownership is concentrated in the hands of families that are promoters (Corbetta and Salvato, 2004). The promoters are in general sense the owners and managers in Indian business context. Jensen and Meckling (1976) have pointed as level of managerial ownership increases, conflicts reduces and that increases firm performance. Fama and Jensen (1983) and Stulz (1988) also argue that greater ownership control by insiders (managers) give enough powers over externals owners to influence firm performance. Many scholars have studied the effect of ownership by different group on Indian companies (Dwivedi and Jain, 2005; Sarkar and Sarkar, 2000; Khanna and Palepu, 2000; Salerka, 2005), but none of these studies does give any particular reference on effect of promoter ownership on the firm performance. Salerka (2005), however, has analyzed the insider ownership effect on the firm value, and found a curvilinear relationship. Studying the effect promoter ownership on the corporate performance may be of utmost important in period of financial distress. They are who can in position to take any important strategic decision to drive the performance. Therefore, high promoter ownership in period in such a period may enhance the firm performance. This leads to development of our fourth hypothesis that promoter ownership is positively associated with firm value. Further, above certain ownership, promoters may exert significant control over firm and drive the decision-making in the company, thereby increasing firm value. 4. Promoter ownership exhibits positive relationship with firm performance 5. Greater promoter control is positively related with firm performance RESEARCH DESIGN Data The sample used in this study includes 176 firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) of India during the financial year 2008-2009. The sample includes only non-financial firms from BSE 200 index, which accounts for 72 percent of market capitalization. The data on board size and promoter ownership (company has to separately disclose promoter ownership under Clause 35 of Listing Agreement) was collected from annual reports of the companies. The other financial and market data was obtained from Prowess database of Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The data thus obtained was used calculating and measuring the different variables used as control variable in the model. Model The model for our study represented by following equation: T Tobin Q = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 BSize + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 PrOwn + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 LAge + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 LSize + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5 Lev + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6 SGrowth + e Performance Variables: The researchers have used different parameters for the assessing the firm performance in conjunction with various predicator variables. The commonly used performance variables cited in the corporate governance literature being the Tobins Q, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), market to book value ratio (MBV), price to earnings ratio (PE). The present regression model uses only TobinQ for assessing the firm performance against the predictor and control variables. Variables of Interest: Two variables of our interest that have used to test our five hypotheses are board size (BSize) and promoter ownership (PrOwn). The variables have used under different specifications to empirically find out their net effect on firm performance. Control Variables: Different control variables such firm age (LAge), firm size (LSize), leverage (Lev) and growth control (SGrowth) have been included in the study for account for potential advantages of economies of scale, scope of market power and risk characteristics of firms. These variables have been used in many prior studies, and are correlated with firm performance (Hermalin and Weisbach, 1991; Vafeas and Theodorou, 1998; Bonn et. al., 2004) Table I Variable definitions and Measurement Type of Variable Variable Definition and Measurement Dependent: Performance TobinQ Tobins Q , measured as market value of equity plus book value of short-term and long-term debt divided by total assets Independent: Predictor BSize Board Size, the number of director on the board of a firm. Independent: Predictor PrOwn Promoter Holding, percentage of total equity ownership of promoter group in the company Independent: Control LAge Firm Age, measured as the logarithm of the number of years since the establishment of a firm Independent: Control LSize Firm Size, measured as the natural logarithm of total assets. Independent: Control Lev Firm leverage, measured as the ratio of long term debt to the total assets Independent: Control SGrowth Sales growth, measured as total sales of the current year minus total sales in the previous year divided by total sales in the previous year RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis begins with presentation of the Pearsons correlation matrix (table II) which shows that the degree of correlation between the independent variables is either low or moderate, which suggests the absence of multicolinearity between independent variables. Table II Correlation Between Explanatory Variables Correlation BSize PrOwn LAge LSize Lev SGrowth BSize 1      PrOwn -0.039 1     LAge 0.137 -0.024 1    LSize .275(**) 0.094 .153(*) 1   Lev -0.038 -.215(**) -0.104 .273(**) 1  SGrowth 0.105 -0.13 -0.042 0.067 0.07 1 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). The Pearsons correlation between each pair of independent variables should not exceed 0.80, if that happens then independent variables may suspected of exhibiting multicollinearity (Bryman and Cramer, 1997). Correlations are within the acceptable range (0.01 0.775). In addition, the colinearity diagnostic statistics (e.g. tolerance (TOL) and variance inflated factor (VIF)) support the Pearsons correlations and provide no proof of a multicollinearity in the regression model. The analysis of Table II, further reflects board size is positively correlated with firm size (significant at 1 percent) implying that larger companies tend to have larger boards. The summary of descriptive characteristics of the dependent and independent variable is presented in Table III. The results show mean (std deviatio n) board size is 10.74 (3.08), reflecting that most of firm have board size between 8 to 14 (128 firms) which is 72 percent of entire sample. The promoter ownership shows high variation with minimum and value being 0 and 100 with average (std deviation) of 53.32 (21.48). It can be observed that promoters with such ownership right have controlling stake in most of the firms. As already discussed, high insider ownership may drive firm value. Sales growth and leverage also reflect a high variability in their values for the given period. Average leverage of 25.86 percent shows that firms (our sample) rely on more on equity capital and other sources of fund than debt. In order to analyze further, we have segregated smaller and larger firms based Table III Descriptive Analysis of Variables TobinQ BSize PrOwn LAge LSize Lev SGrowth Mean 1.46 10.74 53.32 3.31 8.87 25.86 55.71 Std. Deviation 1.32 3.083 21.48 0.76 1.16 21.91 473.79 Minimum 0.0042 5 0 0.69 6.6717 0 -100 Maximum 8.6548 20 100 4.86 12.41 89.61 6286.93 Table IV Smaller and Larger Companies Smaller Companies BSize PrOwn ( percent) Asset ( Rs Crore) N  88.000 88.000 88.000 Mean 10.060 50.558 3140.306 Median 10.000 49.991 2943.995 Std. Deviation 2.684 17.366 1379.618 Minimum 5.000 9.733 789.720 Maximum 20.000 99.506 5859.540 Larger Companies BSize PrOwn ( percent) Asset ( Rs Crore) N  88.000 88.000 88.000 Mean 11.430 56.088 28216.983 Median 11.000 55.070 16215.695 Std. Deviation 3.311 24.732 36429.286 Minimum 5.000 0.000 5986.080 Maximum 20.000 100.000 245953.160 Difference between Means (Z value) 3.015* 1.716*** 6.452* * significant at 1 percent, ***significant at 10 on median asset size of Rs. 5922.1 Crore. The noticeable aspect of statistics reflected in Table IV is significant difference in average board size between small and large firm. (10.06 vs. 11.43), inferring that larger companies take people from wider pool to sufficient expertise and intellect on the board. The table IV also shows that average promoter ownership between small and large firms is significant at 10 percent (50.55 vs. 56.08). The results of empirical findings with coefficients and t values (* significant values) are presented in Table V, VI and VII. The findings of Table I show result for the entire sample that supports our hypothesis 1 and 4. Hypothesis 1 forecasts a negative association between board size and firm value and this supported by negative coefficient of BSize (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1) in the model, though relationship is not significant. The results are in line with international studies but do not support results of previous Indian studies (Dwivedi and Jain, 2005; Kathuria and Dash, 1999). Promoter ownership was found to positively correlated (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2= 0.011) with firm performance in our model (Table II) giving support to our hypothesis 4. The results prove that high promoter ownership in the company, help them to take important decisions and drive performance during the financial distress period. Table V Model Summary Dependent Variable TOBINQ Independent variables Coefficients t (Constant) 3.271 4.081* BSize -0.031 -0.968 PrOwn 0.011 2.492** LAge 0.144 1.150 LSize -0.255 -2.839* Lev -0.011 -2.462** SGrowth 0.000 0.413 R 0.406 R square 0.165 Adjusted R square 0.135 F change 5.556* * Significant at 1 percent, ** significant at 5 percent Hypothesis 2 predicated that smaller boards have less negative correlation with firm performance than larger boards. In order to so, we segregated entire sample companies between two parts, one those having board size less than equal to median board size ( of entire sample) 10 and other having more than 10. The results (table III), however, reject our second hypothesis as coefficient of board size (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1) is greater for smaller boards (-0.148) than larger board (-0.012). This may be interpretated as ideal board size is above the median board size of 10, and smaller boards may not have enough expertise and resources to enhance firm performance. Also it can be observed that due to high ownership rights and say in smaller boards, promoters are able play value maximizing role. Hypothesis 3 predicted a less negative relationship of board size with firm value for the large companies than small companies. Sm all companies and large companies here are classified based on the median assets of Rs 5922.1 Crore. The model supports our hypothesis as coefficient of board size for large companies (-0.023) is more than that of small companies (-0.063). The results, however, are not significant at any level. Further, in small companies promoter ownership is positively correlated to firm performance at 10 percent significance level. Table VI TobinQ- Model Board Size Dependent Variable Smaller Board Larger Board Small Companies Large Companies Independent variables coeff t coeff t coeff t coeff t (Constant) 4.826 2.93* 2.819 2.70* 12.113 5.17* 3.082 2.14** BSize -0.148 -1.54*** -0.012 -0.23 -0.063 -1.29 -0.023 -0.59 PrOwn 0.025 2.81* 0.001 0.27 0.020 2.58** 0.003 0.58 LAge 0.389 1.98** -0.045 -0.31 0.358 2.00** 0.076 0.47 LSize -0.525 -3.28* -0.083 -0.87 -1.514 -5.16* -0.160 -1.03 Lev -0.005 -0.70 -0.018 -3.17* -0.002 -0.24 -0.012 -2.10** SGrowth 0.004 0.84 0.000 -0.09 0.000 -0.05 0.000 0.00 R 0.515 0.408 0.622 0.324 R square 0.265 0.166 0.387 0.105 Adjusted R square 0.213 0.101 0.342 0.038 F change 5.108* 2.563** 8.52* 1.579 * significant at 1 percent, ** significant at 5 percent, *** significant at 15 percent Table VII TobinQ -Model Promoter Ownership Prom Ownership 0-40 40.1-65 65.1-100 Independent variables coeff t coeff t coeff t (Constant) 0.924 0.791 2.691 1.366 3.798 1.868*** BSize 0.023 0.492 -0.017 -0.345 -0.044 -0.644 PrOwn -0.013 -1.135 0.028 1.295 0.031 1.361 LAge -0.028 -0.168 0.311 1.630*** -0.038 -0.095 LSize 0.074 0.540 -0.372 -2.583** -0.400 -2.188** Lev -0.010 -1.700*** -0.016 -2.168** -0.008 -0.721 SGrowth 0.000 -0.486 0.006 1.467 -0.005 -0.855 R 0.386 0.496 0.462 R square 0.149 0.24 0.213 Adjusted R square 0.007 0.181 0.101 F change 1.05 4.069* 1.9 * significant at 1 percent, ** significant at 5 percent, ***significant at 10 percent Higher promoter ownership leading to greater promoter control on the company was predicated in Hypothesis 5. To test this hypothesis, entire sample is classified into three groups, companies having promoter ownership less than equal to 40 percent, between 40 to 65 percent and above 65 to 100 percent. The results are presented in table VII that support our hypothesis 5. For companies having promoter ownership below 40 percent coefficient (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2) is negative (-0.013). This may suggest that on lower levels of ownership control, promoters interest may not fully align with company. The companies having promoter ownership above 40, correlation was positively with firm performance with coefficient being greater for companies having more ownership control. This suggests that above certain ownership control on firm, promoter are able to drive the performance of comp any. CONCLUSIONS The study explores the relationship of board size and promoter ownership on the firm value for a sample of firms listed on Bombay Stock Exchange of India. Some results of the study are quite revealing in contrast to earlier Indian studies. As opposed to previous Indian studies, our results indicate a negative relationship between board size and firm value. This augments the previous international researches and establishes belief that board size is negatively associated firm performance. We also find significant difference between board size of small and large companies of our sample. The relationship between board size and firm value is less negative large companies than smaller ones. We find a significant positive association of promoter ownership with firm performance. The regression results suggest that firms with high ownership concentration of promoters have high market valuations (TobinQ). The findings show that below ownership control of 40 percent, the entrenchment effect is more pronounced and negative relationship exists. We may conclude that due to financial distress on Indian firms due to global financial crisis, larger boards may not able to strategic decision due to problem of coordination and communication resulting in lower firm value. In similar case, higher promoter ownership gives enough incentive and control to monitor and enhance firm value. The study contributes to existing literature of corporate governance on board size and insider ownership. The outcome of research gives firm support the agency theory that high ownership has more alignment effect resulting reduced agency cost. One of the important empirical considerations taken in our study is moderating effect of firm size on the board performance. The study looks upon insider ownership particularly that of promoters on company valuations. LIMITATION AND DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH The current research along with its contribution has some major limitations. First, we have used only a small sample of 176 firms. The entire sample was classified into different categories to analyse further effect of board size and promoter ownership on firm performance. The classification has resulted in smaller sample size and some models were not significant. Second, model uses only one performance variable for ease of analysis while variables would also be merit consideration. Thirdly, the important aspect left out in our study pertains to board composition and other ownership patterns that may also affect firm performance. The current study opens avenue for future research ideas. Our research indicates a negative association between board size and firm performance, which is in contrast previous studies. This may be due fact that period of study is year 08-09 during which global financial crisis was persisting and Indian firms were under financial strain. Therefore, we fir mly believe multidimensional approach for performance measurement with large sample size would be appropriate for future research. Investigating effect of other corporate governance variables like board structure and ownership structures on firm performance during period of our study would also provide new insights. Lastly, the qualitative analysis using primary data can give better insights and support our research.

The Impact of Stress on Health Essay - 2044 Words

People seeking a higher education are under extreme stress and dont even realize it. They are dealing with the high cost of a college education and are being pressured to quickly get through college and into the workforce. Many students are working extra jobs to help pay for their tuition while still taking a full load of courses. They have their time and resources stretched so thin that they find it hard to manage college life. Many people attending college are suffering from poor eating habits, lack of organization and seem to be getting little rest or relaxation. This is a shame since they dont realize what demands they are putting on their bodies. Some of this pressure could be avoided if they understood just what†¦show more content†¦Studies show that students disease-fighting mechanisms are weaker during high stress times, such as exam weeks and on days they are upset (Donatelle 54). The good news is that stress can be drastically reduced if the symptoms ar e realized and action is taken. An article entitled, Mind tools: Effective stress management states, Symptoms are divided into two categories, which are short-term and long-term effects. Short-term symptoms can include a fast heart rate, increased sweating, cold hands and tense muscles. Long-term symptoms include a change in appetite, frequent colds, asthma, back pain, headaches and extreme tiredness. Stress also has an effect on how we behave. Studies show it affects our judgment, keeps us from making good decisions and makes difficult situations seem threatening, instead of challenging. Stress puts the body in a defense mode and narrows our attention and focus. An article written in Heath Magazine claims that, There is mounting evidence that severe on going stress may cause a chemical change in the brain that does lasting damage to the memory and ability to learn. The culprit, researchers say, is cortisol, a hormone thats cranked out in extra measure when you feel threatened. Cortisol gets the heart racing and adrenaline surging. This is useful if you are in physical danger, but not so helpful when triggered by traffic jams or a cranky boss. Studies suggest that if the brain is oftenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Stress on Health Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages(AC 1) Stress is defined as the state when people are experiencing difficulties in coping with the situations they are in due to the lacking of abilities or knowledge to handle them (Anxiety UK, ND). These situations are often referred as stressors. The way how individuals are reacting to these stressors is referred as stress response. Stress does not directly causes infections or ill-health to a person. Instead, the products produced in the process of stress interfere with the usual operationsRead MoreThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs2507 Words   |  10 PagesThe Impact of Mental Illnesses and Health Problems from Work-Related Stress on Employees in Office Jobs Introduction Year after year a behavioral change began to impact her life; she became irritable, fatigued and gained almost fifty pounds. She was no longer fun to be around and isolated herself away from everyone. Her kids would ask if she was okay and knew something was wrong. The work-related stress and harassment she received from her bosses triggered symptoms of depression. The job tookRead MoreReflection Paper On Stress1134 Words   |  5 PagesStress is one of the leading causes of depression in the United States. If stress is not handled right away it can become distress. 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The researchers recorded the results of each college student’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On Childhood Development924 Words   |  4 Pagesthe relationship between poverty, lower socioeconomic status (SES), and childhood development. While poverty can be directly linked to negative developments in terms of health status it is also indirectly linked to other important factors such as; mental health, physiological wellbeing and education, all of which have major impacts on childhood development which can also be transferred into adulthood . This essay aims to evaluate the literature available on the effects of poverty on childhood developmentRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Stress1762 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitions of stress and how to cope with it, known as stress management. Stress affects health in a number of ways. It is defined by James (2011) as pressure or tension that comes in many shapes and forms and furthermore the body and mind in particular reacts psychologically and even emotionally. How Stress Affects Health This can affect how an individual feels, think and behave. Signs and symptoms can include sleeping problems, loss of appetite and difficulty concentrating. Stress can usually causeRead MoreEvidence Based Intervention Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesat the school, class-wide, and individual student-level, and are often either academic or behavioral in nature. Overall, implementation of both universal (i.e. class-wide) and targeted (i.e. student-level) interventions have demonstrated positive impacts on decreasing disruptive behaviors and increasing student academic achievement (Flower, McKenna, Bunuan, Muething, Vega, 2014; Vannest, Davis, Davis, Mason, Burke, 2010).Ross, Romer, and Horner (2012) also found that teachers in schools implementingRead MoreThe Social And Physical Environment Of College Students831 Words   |  4 Pagesor study abroad opportunities. However, most of these students do not considered how this radical change in their social and physical environment can mak e an impact on their mental health. According to the National Alliance on Mental Health (2012) â€Å"More than 40 percent of college students have felt more than an average amount of stress within the past 12 months.† College requires significantly more effort from students than high school. 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Fidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution - 1360 Words

Most prominently known as the face of a repressive dictatorship, Fidel Castro governed Cuba for nearly five decades (1959-2006) achieving both successes and failures throughout the course of his rule. His rise to power as Prime Minister in 1959 saw Cuba become the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere, improving relations with the Soviet Union but at the cost of a trade embargo with the United States. During the period of the Cold War, Castro played a significant role in allowing missiles to be placed in Cuba as mishaps during the crisis may have resulted in mutually assured destruction. Despite providing universal education, almost guaranteed employment and free healthcare, the failures far outweighed the benefits as many Cubans have attempted to flee the internationally isolated dictatorship with the economy and standard of living has plunged drastically under Castro’s regime. Cuban revolution Castro has been embroiled in controversy regarding the success of the Cuban revolution but despite the subsequent ramifications, he was able to establish the foundation for many other dissidents in Latin America and free Cuba from a hated dictator. Through becoming a nationally recognised figure and a hero to many Cuban peasants, Castro played a significant role in stimulating the growth of the revolution as his popularity elevated his title to the leader of a rebel force which would later overthrow Batista’s dictatorship in 1959. This is demonstrated through his trialShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 8th, 1959, Fidel Castro and his rebel army marched triumphantly into Havana, Cuba, having overthrown corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista the week earlier. 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There he became a star studentRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1517 Words   |  7 Pages In 1959 Fidel Castro attempted to overthrow dictator Fulgencio Batista; Castro led a revolutionary movement in a guerrilla war against Batista s forces. As anti-Bat ista sentiment grew, Castro took a leading role in the Cuban Revolution which eventually ousted the president.(Stevenson 118)Once in power, Castro nationalized American property and because of this the United States diplomatic relations with Cuba were cut in 1961. Even prior to the break in relations, President Eisenhower agreed toRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1959 Fidel Castro led a successful revolution that overthrew the Cuban government, placing him in total control. During this time America had considered â€Å" Central America - and the Caribbean - as its own ‘backyard’†, and therefore, when they saw a communist running the Cuban government tensions began to build (Todd 140). 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Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses withinRead MoreFidel Castro s Impact On The Cuban Revolution1678 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion, â€Å"How significant was Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara in the Cuban Revolution era?† It will establish the effect Che Guevara had on the Cuban Revolution, it will compare the effect Guevara had to other leaders in the Cuban Revolution (i.e. Raà ºl Castro, Camilo Cienfuegos), it will contrast the effect Guevara had to other leaders in the Cuban Revolution, and it will consider whether Che Guevara had a significant impact on the Cuban Revolution. Based on these two sources, it can be conducted that ErnestoRead MoreTo What Extent Was Brutality Used by Fidel Castro During the Cuban Revolution1440 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A revolution is not a bed of roses ... a revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.† – Fidel Castro, 1961. 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Children and Human Traficking - 2623 Words

Introduction: A twelve year old Bangladeshi girl was taken away from her family and tricked into going to India. She was promised a better life and some money as well. Once there, she was sold to a brothel owner; he raped her and tortured her for days until she finally agreed to sleep with over ten men a day, each day of the week, all year(Human Trafficking). This case sets a typical example of a trafficking situation that happens countless times across the globe. Moreover, the underlying truth about sex traffickers is just this: there are approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today which generates an annual profit of over $32 billion every year. (11 Facts †) Bangladesh, for example, is a country that does not follow the minimum laws against sex trafficking; therefore, The republic of Bangladesh is one of the worst perpetrators of sex trafficking. The cruel acts of child sex trafficking are a troubling business in Bangladesh and is a violation of human rights. and need s to be stopped. Child sex trafficking is a global issue all over the world. Innocent children are being forced into marriage of individuals over twice their age and are being forced to be have sexual relationships with these individuals. Consequently, countries who follow at least the minimum laws against trafficking have made significant changes, all for the better. Sweden, for instance, no longer is as affected by this global issue. They implemented multiple plans to help combatShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : A Modern Form Of Slavery924 Words   |  4 Pages PRESENT HUMAN SLAVERY ISN’T JUST ABOUT SEX TRAFFICKING, UP TO 27 MILLION PEOPLE ARE FORCED INTO LABOR IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, FROM TOMATOES TO ELECTRONICS TO AMERICAN MILITARY CONTRACTING IN PLACES LIKE IRAQ. AS AMERICANS THINK ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THEY ARE INCLINED TO THINK ABOUT SEXUAL SLAVERY. IN FACT THE ACTUAL STORIES OF GIRLS SOLD OFF TO BROTHELS OR TRICKED INTO TAKING PART INTO PROSTITUTION BY GANGSTERS IS GREAT FEED FOR JOURNALISTS. THIS APPEALS TO A CERTAIN TYPE OF CELEB COMMITMENT THATRead MoreChild Pornography And Child Trafficking Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagestotal of 17.9 million children in Thailand under the age of 18, which includes homeless children, runaway children, children who live in poverty, or children who have a disability SOS CHILDREN. The estimated number of children in commercial sexual exploitation today in Thailand varies from 600,000 to 800,000 SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. More than 80% of these victims are women and girls, and 70% of them are forced into sexual servitude SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. When a person obtains children for the purpose ofRead MoreHuman Trafficking and Prostitution in Russia2058 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Traficking In Russia: Prostitution human trafficking in Russia.-prostitution. Russia is considered the largest country in the whole world. It is massively known for the origin and final destination of trafficked men, women, and children who are forced to labour. Human trafficking is one of the major problems that is facing Russia. Trafficking is carried out mainly for the purpose of exploitation, which includes prostitution, forced labour, slavery, removal of organs and many others (humanRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Sex Trafficking1921 Words   |  8 PagesAre you aware of the increasing rate of human trafficking around the world? Not many people are fully aware of the increasing number of people that are being taken into human/ sex trafficking. Most of the people involved in this type of illegal business is taken against their will, or sold into the business by their family. These women taken into this business is completely stripped of all personal needs. Most of the time the women in this business are children, such as young girls under the age ofRead MoreLegal Studies8128 Words   |  33 Pagesguilty by jury or judge) it must be proved that one of these acts took place. -There was a deliberate act to kill -There was a deliberate act to cause serious harm, during which death occured. -There was a reckless lack of interest or concern to human life, resulting in death. (an example of this is a person unloads a firearm in a crowded street. -A death occured during a commision (the action of commiting a crime or offense such as using a deadly wepaon for felony) of serious crime; for example

My Dance Performace Anointed for Agency Essay Example For Students

My Dance Performace Anointed for Agency Essay The Junior and Senior class of 2015, with the direction of Ms. Eubanks, superbly choreographed and performed Anointed for Agency. This ensemble reflected the emotions and expressions of anger and strife brought about their personal experiences with racial, gender, and class inequalities. Discrimination being an illness that has plagued every generation, including Dr. Kings era during the civil rights movement, inspired the portrayal of the speech How Long Not Long   set into interpretive movement. Sixteen count movement phrases reflected the emphases of free and bound movements performed in a modern dance style arranged to Bach Concerto in A Minor. Personal reflection of experiences and circumstances laced with discrimination, as a young Latina woman, allowed me to engage this piece with great passion and emotion. In my short eighteen years of life, I have come to know how impotent and challenging racial, gender, and social class disparities can be. The most frustrating feeling one can face is the feeling of wanting to achieve more, but not having the means or opportunities due to conditions out of ones control. As I performed in The Assembly, The Cause, and The Protest parts of The Anointed Agency I reflected these emotions of bondage as a way of nonverbal protest in light of current abuse of power and violence against minorities everywhere. The repetition, cannon, and retrograde devices incorporated expressed, in my opinion, the never-ending battle against the discrimination motif. Being a dancer striving for excellence as I evaluate any performance I always feel I could improve. Yet, I believe that being so personally connected to this piece allowed me to exceed my expectations. Reviewing my accuracy, I feel I performed all the elements of the combination in correct order, with proper facings and body shapes, along with accurate timing. While performing the assigned elements and combinations my technical proficiency was strong and done at a high standard level. All the elements of the compositional task were performed with clarity and I used all possible body movements. I consider that my energy level was appropriate and showed my ability to perform combinations correctly in sync with beat. As I mentioned before, I believe this was one of my best performances. However, I feel that my transitions could have been smoother. During the performance I found it difficult to smoothly transition on and off stage because of overcrowding at entrance and exit spots. Fortunately, most dancer collisions occurred behind curtains and out of audience sight. In view of this, I feel I exercised excellent self-control while reflecting uninterrupted energy and focus. Overall I believe this was a great dance learning experience. Connecting reflective emotion interpretations to body movement as an expressive and nonviolent protest form helped me choose the focus for my senior exit project. The idea for Sancocho Rhythm was birthed while reflecting on the reoccurring struggle to overcome racial oppressions through the ages. In this piece I hope to portray the overcoming spirit of the Afro-Latino community set to a multicultural tempo that incorporates traditional and modern styles of dance. My desire is to educate and ignite the activist spirit of all that hunger for social justice through dance.

Sing Inverse Operator For Query On Network - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Sing Inverse Operator For Query On Network. Answer: Introduction Background of the study The applications of information and communication technology based on E-Governance has ability to facilitate administration and help to develop efficient as well as cost effective method than conventional method of an administration. In this perspective, an administration is dependent on gathering information of the participants and enables flawless voting mechanism. In a democratic country, it is important to have flawless voting mechanism considering the primary pillar of the governance (Shuaibu et al. 2017). However, at present days of business, several people stay away from voting constituency for having several compulsions and providing increase in the number of uncast votes to a very high level. The issues need to be sorted out for efficient administration. The utilization of advanced communication technologies and authentication mechanism has an important role in this aspect. The concept of multifaceted smart card based E-Governance system has functionality of bio-metric authe ntication system. With A Virtual Private Network (VPN), a voter can be able to give own vote safe and secured way through internet. Research aims and objectives The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of VPN in online voting system. In addition, the study evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of using VPN in online voting system. The objectives of the study can be listed as followed. To analyze the effectiveness of VPN in online voting system To find out the limitations of using VPN in online voting system To recommended solution to minimize the issues while using VPN in online voting system Research questions The research questions can be explained as followed. What is the effectiveness of VPN in online voting system? What are the limitations of using VPN in online voting system? How to minimize the issues while using VPN in online voting system? Problem statement For a developing country, it is a massive challenge to maintain an efficient administration within affordable budget. Application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based on E-Governance has an important role in order to provide method facilitate efficient administration in cost effective way. There have many studies on utilization of computer technologies in order to enhance elections. However, there are risks of moving and adopting electronic voting system as there are challenges in software engineering, insider threats and vulnerabilities in network as well as challenges of auditing. On the other hand, accuracy is one of the major issues (Culnane et al. 2017). In this aspect, it is important to develop and implement a system that will be helpful to mitigate the issues and provide system for enabling efficient administration. Research rationale As information technology has pervaded virtually each of the facets of human life, it becomes important to apply in basic purposes. Voting system is considered as one of the most important things in a democratic country. Thus, it is important for administration of a country or an organization to set up right process for selecting right administration for future. Traditional voting system has several issues like accuracy, validity and security of the data. On the other hand, it is very difficult to have time for voting. Thus, it becomes an important issue to mitigate the issues and develop such system that is able to take votes online securely. E-voting system becomes as the ability of a nation to enhance electoral procedure. Non-electoral voting system often includes high costs as well as easy manipulation. In addition, paper ballots, direct counting as well as other manual electoral procedures have proved unreliable due for rigging and misplacement of votes. Moreover, mixing up votes along with changing of ballot papers and outcomes are the major limitations of conventional voting system. Hence, it becomes an issue to implement a system that is able to save time of people and give accurate result. Overview of e-voting system Electronic voting system is one of the terms that encompass various types of voting and embracing electronic means of casting a vote as well as electronic means of casting a vote as well as electronic means of counting votes. It includes punched cards, specialized voting kiosks as well as optical scan voting systems. It also engages transmission of ballots as well as votes through telephone and private computer networks. It has ability to speed up the counting of ballots. At present days, e-voting procedures utilize several cryptographic algorithms in order to propose a secured protocol. Usually, an e-voting system includes of five major phases. In the phase of registration, each voter needs to register providing data of identification data in order to participate in the election procedure (Elbarbary 2016). On the other hand, setup phase produces the keys utilized in the encryption as well as signature scheme for encryption as well as sign votes. On the other hand, in the authentication phase, administrator makes verification of registered citizens in order to become an eligible voter through making comparison of the details. The voting phase manages casting of vote in secured way so that there are any early outcomes obtained and influence on the remaining voters. The phase of counting is responsible for last and final stage of the election procedure where invalid votes are checked as well as removed, whereas valid votes are counted properly and gener ate result of the election. Use of VPN in e-voting system There are several types of voting competitions as well as the way for voting. The VPN platform provides a fast, safe as well as reliable means of transmitting data over the internet. The outcomes of validation show that it will be helpful to facilitate the process of adoption for establishing effective e-governance in the developing countries. Multi-Protocol Label Switch is one of the most important solutions for security threats that surrounds the utilization of public networks. In addition, it offers a secured network configuration between a sender as well as receiver over a public non-secured network. Figure 1: Flowchart (Source: Created by author) A Virtual Private Network can transform the characteristics of a public network into the public secured network as well as gives works through creating a specific tunnel on IP (Bagui et al. 2016). Moreover, it enables to the entities in order to utilize internet as virtual backbone through allowing them in order to create secure virtual links between cooperating headquarters along with remote sites through internet. Open VPN is one of the VPN solutions that are adapted to the proposed model. It characterizes the process of tunneling of traffic by transport layer. Disadvantages Malicious code, running on the voter's customer brings down the security of any voting framework to silliness: Plenty of assaults are conceivable: (I) changing the voter's choice without the voter seeing it, (ii) keeping voters from the race, by discarding the vote and influencing the voter to trust that everything works accurately, e.g., by showing faked messages, (iii) extricating the voter's choice and transmitting the plaintext vote to the assailant. Basic cryptographic means don't beat any of these assaults, since pernicious code communicates before the cryptographic operations are connected. The foe may, for example, listen stealthily on mouse or console inputs and conclude the voter's choice. In this manner, the two prerequisites can be disregarded by vindictive code on the voting gadget. This is a difficult issue on the grounds that vindictive code can be circulated effortlessly and naturally, e.g., by misusing security imperfections of the end-client gadget or by sending con taminated messages to the voter. This should be possible enormously by means of infections (Bagui et al. 2017). Malicious code could likewise be put on the voter's gadget by engineers of items running on many end client gadgets (e.g., Solitair). Contrasted with postal voting, these assaults should be possible naturally and scalable with noteworthy effect on the decision result. Advantages Degenerate voters may change the customer voting programming and additionally their gadget in discretionary ways: They can, e.g., log their mouse and console occasions, some other I/O interfaces like the one to associate with the system. In addition, they can store each middle of the road calculation step. Therefore, having a probabilistic encryption work encP and a plaintext m and also the relating figure content c subsequent to processing c = encP (m), the voter has logged every single irregular parameter to have the capacity to demonstrate that c has a place with m. The most difficult issue thusly, is the age of a proof for the voting choice which would abuse the receipt freeness and in this manner, permit vote offering. Receipt-freeness is a notable issue. While many sans receipt voting conventions as of now exist (a large portion of them depend on assumptions5 as for a few parameters (e.g., irregular numbers for probabilistic encryption) which must be kept mystery on the custome r side. This supposition does not hold by and by since stage proprietors have finish control over the voting gadget - the PC. It isn't sufficient to offer m, c and proof(m, c). Somebody purchasing votes, the client, may likewise need to know whether the demonstrated c is the one that is thrown and included or one made it request to swindle (PatilRagul et al. 2015). In this manner this demonstrating assault works great for any voting convention working with an announcement board where the encoded vote can be by one means or another relegated to the voter. In this way, a degenerate voter can offer his logged information (e.g., vote, parameters, and keys) and the client of the vote checks whether the comparing vote is on the release board or not. This assault can be bolstered by the use of voter evidence. On the off chance that the voter has the likelihood to check that his vote is put away and tallied. This verification can likewise be utilized by the client to check whether the voter acted as guaranteed. Notice, it is a considerable amount of exertion for single voters to get the important information out of the voting programming just to offer a solitary vote. In any case, most clients will wish to purchase an extensive number of votes at any rate, and along these lines give the degenerate voters instant apparatuses (which lead the vital logging and announcing naturally), which they just need to introduce and utilize. Applications The ebb and flow inquire about is searching for a Trusted Platform which incorporates the alluring properties of open stages (e.g., PC's and PDA's) and of shut stages (voting gadget, smartcards). In this way, it isn't restricted in its usefulness like shut stages however it can demonstrate to an outsider, that it is all around acted, as shut stages. A trusted stage depends on Trusted Computing equipment and on a protected working framework. Put stock in Computing (TC). Figure 1: Implementation framework of VPN (Source: Created by author) TC alludes to an innovation pushed, created and advanced by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). The center segment of TC is the Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a protected and alter obvious module (frequently a solitary chip) coordinated into the stage (PatilRagul et al. 2016). TPMs are thought of as economical, to the point of effectively turning into a standard piece of off-the-rack PC stages. Around 50 million PCs with TPM chips have been dispatched, and expectations for 2010 territory around the 250 million market. They give a few fundamental functionalities. Results and discussion From the secondary analysis done in the literature review chapter, it can be concluded that, it is important to update the systems according to the demands of people and society. Private internet access is one of the main types of VPN that is used in online voting. Private internet access is one of the types in VPN industry that has reached to the place by executing a great combination of low prices, proper security features as well as extensive selection of the severs (Moss et al. 2015). PIA is one of the simple VPNs that are treated as good for changing IP address for the purpose of voting as well as bypassing the restrictions. On the other hand, ExpressVPN is considered as expensive option compared to different VPN services. ExpressVPN also allows gaining great speed and give advantages when required. In addition, there are servers in 90 countries as well as level of security as well as privacy that can be offered high quality. ExpressVPN need not to keep the logs of online. On the other hand, VPNAREA is one of VPNs that is focused with privacy. It has a great list of features that can be designed in order to ensure that identity is not revealed. In order to avoid IP address, location as well as other details is properly revealed. In addition, VPN are consisting of protection against the leakage of DNS (LeBeau et al. 2017). WebRTC as well as a kill Switch shuts down applications of internet in case of connection drops of VPN. The particular functionality makes ideal for the purpose of voting several times without letting the particular system noticeable again. PUREVPN is one of the highlights of PUREVPN and impressive for global coverage extended through 141 countries. There is flexibility to change between servers as well as selection of new locations in order to keep real IP address. PureVPN does not keep logs of traffic as well as offers affordable prices. On the other hand, a trusted boot making a chain of trust is basic. The trusted boot logs the boot succession beginning with the Core Root of Trust Measurement (CRTM) in ensured registers of the TPM (called Platform Configuration Register - PCR). These PCR esteems are marked by a key called Attestation Identity Keys (AIK). The AIK is produced by the TPM and people in general key is either confirmed by a Trusted Third Party or without by utilizing the convention. In the second case no data about the TPM or its proprietor is given away.. Fixing might be encouraged utilizing confined keys. In this manner, a key match is produced and the relating mystery key is bound to the present stage, stage setup and application. Presently, a remote example can encrypt information including a requested setup utilizing the relating open key. The TPM can unscramble the figure however discharges the information just if the present stage arrangement coordinates the requested one (Kalis et al. 2017). Whil e the TPM itself is an inactive part, the natives it gives can, with secure working frameworks bolster, be utilized to essentially enhance security on end-client gadgets. Secure Operating System. The working framework controls the data stream over the equipment layer and hence, it approaches all information - including security basic information. Internet Voting projects like in Switzerland or the one of the GI have additionally seen the customer shortcoming. In this way, they offer gifts to the voters which disclose voters how to enhance the reliability of their PCs (Raina et al. 2016). While this approach can decrease the dangers made by malware, numerous clients will probably not have the capacity to take after these guidelines, and the system is futile against degenerate voters. Otten has additionally tended to the customer issues and therefore, proposed in an uncommon voting working framework in view of Knoppix. Here, voters need to boot their PC from CD keeping in mind the end goal to vote. This approach does not take care of the degenerate voter issue but rather it tends to the dangers caused by malware. Other work like and proposed the utilization of an onlooker, e.g., a smartcard. By doing as such they conquer the assaults of a degenerate voter for the most part yet a smartcard does not connect straightforwardly with the voting server but rather finished the end-client gadget and along these lines the open framework. Malware on the end-client gadget can mount a man-in-the-center assault and abuse the card, by sending a wrong vote to the card keeping in mind the end goal to scramble and sign it or the PC shows the wrong poll. As of now in 2002, Avin Rubin talked about the security contemplations for remote electronic voting in broad daylight decisions and found a few defects caused by malware inside the utilization of PCs as end-client gadgets for Online Voting (Shuaibu et al. 2017). He officially indicated out that equipment bolster empower a trusted way between the client and the decision server is important to conquer the dangers. Conclusion It can be concluded that, a safe working framework is basic to shield securitycritical applications from each other and from vindictive code utilizing security properties like process separation and a confided in way. Put stock in Platform. A trusted stage consolidates both TC and a protected working framework. The engineering comprises of three layers: a put stock in figuring support, security part and application layer. The trusted registering bolster layer contains of customary equipment like a CPU, memory, and equipment gadgets. Besides, it gives confided in registering innovation. The security layer is the safe working framework and is isolated into a hypervisor and a trusted programming layer (Hopp and Vargo2017). The fundamental assignment of the hypervisor is the arrangement of a unique interface of the basic equipment assets. Also, it permits to share these assets and acknowledges get to control implementation. The trusted programming layer (TSL) broadens the interfaces of t he basic administrations by security properties and guarantees separation of the applications executed over this layer. Cases of security-administrations are secure UIs (like a trusted GUI to guarantee that the show and thusly what the client sees is secure, or a put stock in way from the console), secure booting, and commonly confided away.Over the trusted programming layer, security-basic and non-basic applications are executed in parallel. Inheritance working frameworks can be executed to keep malevolent code from perusing or adjusting information from a past voting stage, this information can likewise be scrambled in view of fixing. Accordingly, just the legitimate voting programming running on the best possible framework can read the information. Degenerate Voter (Eissa and Cho 2015). To keep voters from controlling the voting gadget or the voting programming remote validation is basic. Subsequently, the entire framework design, including the working framework and the voting pr ogramming, is estimated and demonstrated to the voting server. The server just acknowledges a message and speaks with the voter if the voter's voting programming is real and keeps running on a confided in stage. The voter can in any case introduce vindictive programming on any virtual machine however here he can't vote on the grounds that the voting server won't acknowledge his poll on account of the wrong esteems in the PCRs (remote confirmation can be accomplished via fixing the messages to the arrangement of the voting application and underlying TCB). Those malware can't impact or spy the voting programming running in the voting virtual machine due to the procedure disconnection. Scattering of Manipulated Voting Software. As a rule, the voter downloads the voting programming (the entire voting virtual machine). At present, some extra programming processes the voting programming's hash esteem and the voter confirms the esteem or the voter checks whether the voting programming is a ccurately marked (Moss 2015). In any case, right now, malware running on the stage can control this security check and the show, too. This can't occur on the trusted stage in view of the put stock in way. In rundown, a trusted stage beats the recognized open issues of Online Voting and it gives greater security to the last assault where halfway arrangements as of now exist. Therefore, a confided in stage on the voting customers and server is a strong establishment for a safe and reliable Online Voting System. Recommendations In this Section, we inspect frameworks in view of SSL and a web-program, for example, Polyas (utilized for the GI races) and the framework utilized as a part of the Swiss races. These conventions initially build up a SSL association with the voting server (or to two progressive servers, a voter registry and a poll server). We accept each gathering has a dynamic TPM chip. As for the momentum point in inquire about we could circulate a CD to boot a safe stage. This CD contains a GUI equipped for giving a confided in way, a web program and a protected VPN module. All correspondence is burrowed by means of IPSec, with all non-IPSec movement dismissed by the voting server without thought. Before the genuine voting convention (and truth be told, SSL key trade) is executed, the two sides authenticate each other. Obviously, restricting voters to the utilization of one CD-based arrangement and utilizing validation has the reaction of locking out voters utilizing stages without a TPM. Addition ally, a few voters may feel their framework to be "sufficiently secure", and be awkward with rebooting from the CD. Neither ought to be effectively rejected, however would justify assist thought. It can be recommend that hat the voter's gadget is as yet a frail purpose of any Online Voting System in light of open stages. Assaulting the customer empowers the breaking of the race mystery and additionally the control of the decision result by adjusting votes on the voter's gadget. Besides, we demonstrated that sans receipt voting conventions and voter unquestionable status does not by any means help to tackle these issues. Besides, by utilizing the usefulness of reliable stages, we can rearrange the voting conventions while likewise having the capacity to utilize some other security basic application. References Bagui, S., Fang, X., Kalaimannan, E., Bagui, S.C. and Sheehan, J., 2017. Comparison of machine-learning algorithms for classification of VPN network traffic flow using time-related features.Journal of Cyber Security Technology, pp.1-19. Becker, R., 2016. Publisher under fire for fake article webpages.Nature News,535(7610), p.11. Culnane, C., Eldridge, M., Essex, A. and Teague, V., 2017, October. Trust Implications of DDoS Protection in Online Elections. InInternational Joint Conference on Electronic Voting(pp. 127-145). Springer, Cham. Eissa, T. and Cho, G., 2015. Lightweight Anti-Censorship Online Network for Anonymity and Privacy in Middle Eastern Countries.International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT),12. Elbarbary, E.M.M., 2016.Building Smart Multipurpose Electronic Voting System(Doctoral dissertation, October 6 University). Garfinkle, N. and Garfinkle, R., Democracyontheweb, Llc, 2017.Systems and methods for voting. U.S. Patent 9,536,366. Hopp, T. and Vargo, C.J., 2017. Does negative campaign advertising stimulate uncivil communication on social media? Measuring audience response using big data.Computers in Human Behavior,68, pp.368-377. Jain, A.S., Facebook Inc, 2016.Generating Answers to Questions Using Information Posted By Users on Online Social Networks. U.S. Patent 20170206271A1. Kalis, J., Moore, J., Kodovsky, J., Adcock, A.B., Rothermel, D. and Wang, Z., Facebook Inc, 2017.Location-Based Place Determination Using Online Social Networks. U.S. Patent 20170156033A1. Kalis, J., Moore, J., Kodovsky, J., Adcock, A.B., Rothermel, D. and Wang, Z., Facebook, Inc., 2017.Location-based place determination using online social networks. U.S. Patent 9,602,965. LeBeau, M.J., Lessin, S.W., Barillari, J.D., Shimoni, A., Murillo, A.G., Niewczas, M.M., Modi, M. and Kalinowski, C.E., Facebook Inc, 2017.Customizing third-party content using beacons on online social networks. U.S. Patent 9729643B2. Moss, H., International Business Machines Corporation, 2015.Segmented questionnaire validation of business rules based on scoring. U.S. Patent 9,092,787. PatilRagul, H., Tarte Babita, B., WadekarSapana, S. and Zurunge Bhakti, S., 2015. A Secure E-Voting System Using Face Recognition and Dactylogram. Raina, R., Hong, K., Sankar, S., Virochsiri, K., Curtiss, M. and Mishra, C., Facebook, Inc., 2016.Using inverse operators for queries on online social networks. U.S. Patent 9,367,536. Shuaibu, A., Mohammed, A. and Ume, A., 2017. A Framework for the Adoption of Electronic Voting System in Nigeria.International Journal,7(3).

Montgomery Bus Boycott free essay sample

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson entered an almost empty bus on a â€Å"Saturday morning before Christmas in December 1949† (15), before entering she had no idea what was about to occur on that day. She proceeded to pay and take a seat in the fifth row from the front. While â€Å"envisioning†¦the wonderful week’s vacation†¦with family and friends in Ohio† (15) she did not realize the bus driver stopped the bus to tell her to get up from where she was sitting. The bus driver stood over Mrs. Robinson and yelled at her while telling her to â€Å"get up from there! † (16). She left the bus teary eyed, fearful, and humiliated. Mrs. Robinson was one of the many African Americans who endured racial segregation and she wanted to do something about it. Requiring black passengers to pay fares in the front of the bus and then entered through the rear (31), reserving the front 10 double seats for whites (31) and addressing black patrons with obscene language (31), were some of the root causes of the Civil Rights Movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Montgomery Bus Boycott or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On December 1st 1955, Rosa Parks was â€Å"arrested for refusing to vacate her seat for a white man† (43). As soon as this incident occurred The Women’s Political Council took action and according the American journey they â€Å"initiated a mass boycott of the privately owned bus company† (864). Mrs. Robinson and two of her students created a notice that informed every African American in Montgomery about the boycott. The morning of Rosa Parks’ trial on December 5th 1955 was the day the one day bus boycott started and it was a complete success. After individuals stopped riding the buses, it got the attention of many reporters and news journalists and they claimed that â€Å"there was a discipline among Negroes which whites were not aware of† (62). This particular day led to months of hard work to come for Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. Other Civil Rights Activists were also a part of the boycott, such as 26 year old pastor Martin Luther King Jr. He led the boycott and was very determined to work and fight for the rights of the African Americans in Montgomery and within the south. The success of the one-day boycott brought on an organization called the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). The association was created to continue the bus boycott campaign and â€Å"pledged to protect, defend, encourage, enlighten and assist the members of the black community†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (64). To help sustain the boycott, Mrs. Robinson held a leading position within the MIA executive board. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen as president of MIA and held his position within the â€Å"thirteen months of the boycott† (66) and became famous after the success of the boycott. A year went by after the harassments, the car pooling and the threats and â€Å"the Supreme Court agreed that the bus segregation law was unconstitutional† (864) and the months of boycotting came to an end. The success of the boycott in â€Å"Montgomery depended on steadfast African American involvement† (864). If it wasn’t for the many African American individuals boycotting and carpooling the movement may not have been that successful. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, who had the courage to stand up for what she believed in, brought much success to the Civil Rights movement as well. The Montgomery Bus Boycott had propositions that reached far beyond the desegregation of public transportation. The boycott impelled the Civil Rights Movement into national awareness and helped Martin Luther King become a major icon in history. The boycott was â€Å"non-violent, Christian and legal† (62), and that was the greatest weapon of all. Blibliography Garrow, David J. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women who started it. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee, 1987. Print.

Life on the rocks essays

Life on the rocks essays Yah, Ill have a vodka on the rocks, Who does she think she is, she cant survive without me, what the *censored*s the big deal anyway so I have a few drinks every night. Oh, well its her tough luck, Im not going to stop coming here after work with my buddies every night so I can spend more quality time with her and Alex. How old is he anyway, thirteen, fourteen, I should be bringing him here with me for goodness sake. If she wants to kick me out well fine! An ugly bitch like her wont find anyone knew anyway. Harry over here is a drunken bastard, Vanessa should see him each night rolling around in his own puke, but does his wife say anything? No, she wouldnt dare. Were men, its our choice and if we want to have just a little fun at night we should be bloody well able to. If our wives dont like it they should just keep their mouth shut. But no Vanessa prefers to ramble on each night about some bull*censored* that Alex is afraid of me. Im just trying to toughen him up like my father did for me and then she brings up our financial situation and how our money is going to waste blah blah blah. Women and money just dont mix. Ya Ill have another one, same thing. I cant believe she wants me to go to AA meetings she knows how much I hated them when I was forced to go for getting caught driving slightly under the influence. Plus its not like I have a problem. Let alone one were I need to go to the basement of some church, to discuss my problems with some monotone psychology student who is just there to build up credits towards a degree. And I dont particularly feel like being included in a circle of alcoholics and one kid who tries to understand us all at the same time. Like anyone would even come close to grasping what its like to have grown up in the poor house, with a real boozer ...

Case Study of Management of Globalization at Ryanair

Case Study of Management of Globalization at Ryanair With increasing globalisation, numbers of companies are entering different foreign markets but some of them only attain success. This is because of their lack of knowledge about free markets advantages and limitations and role of enterprise within organisations (Brooke 1996). Firms that operate by assessing the impact of globalisation are much able to operate successfully rather than the firms that operate without analysing the impact of globalisation (Vittorio 2006). In this report all these aspects will be discussed with the help of a company, Ryan Air that is one of the oldest and most flourishing low-cost airlines of Europe (About Us 2011). This report will be completed by analyzing all previous researches or studies done in this field and its implications in real life. Different researchers and theorist have analysed free markets, globalisation and role of enterprise within organizations. With their analyses they have also given different theories and approaches that can be use d in a workplace to maximise its opportunities. All these theories and approaches will be used to analyse that what extent free market conditions have allowed Ryan Air to grow and prosper (Iyer & Masters 2000). As well it will also describe, at what extent the company had benefitted from free market conditions and to what extent it was constrained by limitations on this market. In addition to this, here it will also be analysed that how company and other markets are driven by enterprise led organisations. In the end, it will also be analysed that what extent the air travel market relies on globalisation and what is the importance of global expansion for Ryan Air. As well, in this report the importance of global markets in other industries will also be evaluated along with the analysis of importance of globalisation. Critical Evaluation of Ryan Air’s Entry Ryan Air was established in the year 1985 and it entered low cost European air travel market as a low cost airline. The co mpany attained huge success in Europe and it was all because of free market conditions (About Us 2011). The company success due to free market conditions can be understood effectively by critically evaluating it along with the discussion of its benefits and limitations. Significance of Free Market Conditions to Ryanair: Free market conditions refer to an economy or market in which buying and selling of products and services is done without any restriction related to price and valuation. European air travel market is also highly affected with free market conditions that in turn have also affected Ryan Air (Brooke 1996). The company is highly affected by free market conditions and it is an important reason of its growth and success. Due to the effect of free market conditions, the company along with its competitors has become able in allowing market forces to determine the price and values of air travel offered by them (Vittorio 2006). The free market concept was initially conceptuali zed throughout the First World War but in present it has become a reason of number of economies success. With the free market conditions of Europe, Ryan Air has derived various benefits like flexibility, freedom, and variety that in turn assist it in growing its business operations in Europe and in other foreign countries (Suneja 2000). With the free market conditions like deregulation and free market entry, Ryanair has been able to exploit the Irish and subsequently the European transport market (Brophy & George 2003).